What is the difference between OEM, ODM, and private label in apparel?

OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer): you own the design and hand the factory a tech pack; they manufacture to your specification. Full control of the product, highest development effort on your side.

ODM (Original Design Manufacturer): the factory owns base designs and adapts them — fabrics, colours, branding — to your programme. Faster and cheaper to launch; the design may also be sold to others unless exclusivity is agreed. Private label sits at the far end: you select ready-made products and apply your brand, minimal development on either side.

The model you choose determines development cost, speed to market, and who owns the pattern and design. OEM suits brands with designers; ODM suits brands with capital but no technical team; private label suits retailers testing a category.